Retirement

How much do you need to retire?

A practical way to turn annual spending into a portfolio target, and the incomes that make the target smaller.

Calculate a FIRE number

The useful retirement number is a portfolio, not a feeling. Build it in four lines.

  1. Annual spending in today's dollars, including taxes and health insurance you will pay after you leave the job.
  2. Minus durable income that does not come from the portfolio: a pension already earned, a rental you would keep, Social Security only after you have read your own statement.
  3. Divided by a withdrawal rate. At 4%, the portfolio is 25 times the remainder. At 3.5%, it is about 29 times.
  4. Compared with invested assets you can actually spend. A house you live in is shelter first. Count it as retirement capital only if you have a real plan to free the equity.

An illustration

Spending of $80,000, Social Security of $30,000 that has already started, nothing else. The portfolio must cover $50,000. At 4% that is $1.25 million. If Social Security starts ten years after you stop working, you also need a bridge for those ten years. The Coast FIRE page builds that bridge. Ignoring it is how people 'retire' and then sell investments on a schedule they did not write down.

Saving the amount is a different question

Once you have a target, the FIRE calculator takes a current balance, a monthly contribution, and a constant return and estimates the years. Raise the savings rate and the years fall faster than most people expect. The Shockingly Simple Math chart on the compound-interest page shows the from-zero version of that idea.

This is the shape of the question. It is not a retirement date and not advice to leave a job.

Questions

Is there a universal retirement number?

No. A household that spends $45,000 and one that spends $140,000 do not share a target. Start from spending, subtract durable income, and divide the rest by a withdrawal rate you have read about. Salary multiples are a checkpoint, not the answer.